Types
=====

Three kinds of data types can be used as input or output by WSME.

Native types
------------

The native types are a fixed set of standard Python types that
different protocols map to their own basic types.

The native types are :

- ``.. wsme:type:: bytes``

  A pure-ASCII string (:py:class:`wsme.types.bytes` which is :py:class:`str` in
  Python 2 and :py:class:`bytes` in Python 3).

- ``.. wsme:type:: text``

  A unicode string (:py:class:`wsme.types.text` which is :py:class:`unicode` in
  Python 2 and :py:class:`str` in Python 3).

- ``.. wsme:type:: int``

  An integer (:py:class:`int`)

- ``.. wsme:type:: float``

  A float (:py:class:`float`)

- ``.. wsme:type:: bool``

  A boolean (:py:class:`bool`)

- ``.. wsme:type:: Decimal``

  A fixed-width decimal (:py:class:`decimal.Decimal`)

- ``.. wsme:type:: date``

  A date (:py:class:`datetime.date`)

- ``.. wsme:type:: datetime``

  A date and time (:py:class:`datetime.datetime`)

- ``.. wsme:type:: time``

  A time (:py:class:`datetime.time`)

- Arrays

  This is a special case. When stating a list datatype, always state its content
  type as the unique element of a list. Example::

      class SomeWebService(object):
          @expose([str])
          def getlist(self):
              return ['a', 'b', 'c']

- Dictionaries

  Statically typed mappings are allowed. When exposing a dictionary datatype,
  you can specify the key and value types, with a restriction on the key value
  that must be a 'pod' type.  Example::

      class SomeType(object):
          amap = {str: SomeOthertype}

There are other types that are supported out of the box. See the
:ref:`pre-defined-user-types`.

User types
----------

User types allow you to define new, almost-native types.

The idea is that you may have Python data that should be transported as base
types by the different protocols, but needs conversion to/from these base types,
or needs to validate data integrity.

To define a user type, you just have to inherit from
:class:`wsme.types.UserType` and instantiate your new class. This instance
will be your new type and can be used as @\ :class:`wsme.expose` or
@\ :class:`wsme.validate` parameters.

Note that protocols can choose to specifically handle a user type or
a base class of user types. This is case with the two pre-defined
user types, :class:`wsme.types.Enum` and :data:`wsme.types.binary`.

.. _pre-defined-user-types:

Pre-defined user types
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

WSME provides some pre-defined user types:

- :class:`binary <wsme.types.binary>` -- for transporting binary data as base64
  strings.
- :class:`Enum <wsme.types.Enum>` -- enforce that the values belongs to a
  pre-defined list of values.

These types are good examples of how to define user types. Have
a look at their source code!

Here is a little example that combines :class:`binary <wsme.types.binary>`
and :class:`Enum <wsme.types.Enum>`::

    ImageKind = Enum(str, 'jpeg', 'gif')

    class Image(object):
        name = unicode
        kind = ImageKind
        data = binary

.. data:: wsme.types.binary

    The :class:`wsme.types.BinaryType` instance to use when you need to
    transfer base64 encoded data.

.. autoclass:: wsme.types.BinaryType

.. autoclass:: wsme.types.Enum


Complex types
-------------

Complex types are structured types. They are defined as simple Python classes
and will be mapped to adequate structured types in the various protocols.

A base class for structured types is provided, :class:`wsme.types.Base`,
but is not mandatory. The only thing it adds is a default constructor.

The attributes that are set at the class level will be used by WSME to discover
the structure. These attributes can be:

    -   A datatype -- Any native, user or complex type.
    -   A :class:`wsattr <wsme.wsattr>` -- This allows you to add more information about
        the attribute, for example if it is mandatory.
    -   A :class:`wsproperty <wsme.wsproperty>` -- A special typed property. Works
        like standard ``property`` with additional properties like
        :class:`wsattr <wsme.wsattr>`.

Attributes having a leading '_' in their name will be ignored, as well as the
attributes that are not in the above list.  This means the type can have methods,
they will not get in the way.

Example
~~~~~~~

::

    Gender = wsme.types.Enum(str, 'male', 'female')
    Title = wsme.types.Enum(str, 'M', 'Mrs')

    class Person(wsme.types.Base):
        lastname = wsme.types.wsattr(unicode, mandatory=True)
        firstname = wsme.types.wsattr(unicode, mandatory=True)

        age = int
        gender = Gender
        title = Title

        hobbies = [unicode]

Rules
~~~~~

A few things you should know about complex types:

    -   The class must have a default constructor --
        Since instances of the type will be created by the protocols when
        used as input types, they must be instantiable without any argument.

    -   Complex types are registered automatically
        (and thus inspected) as soon a they are used in expose or validate,
        even if they are nested in another complex type.

        If for some reason you need to control when type is inspected, you
        can use :func:`wsme.types.register_type`.

    -   The datatype attributes will be replaced.

        When using the 'short' way of defining attributes, ie setting a
        simple data type, they will be replaced by a wsattr instance.

        So, when you write::

            class Person(object):
                name = unicode

        After type registration the class will actually be equivalent to::

            class Person(object):
                name = wsattr(unicode)

        You can still access the datatype by accessing the attribute on the
        class, along with the other wsattr properties::

            class Person(object):
                name = unicode

            register_type(Person)

            assert Person.name.datatype is unicode
            assert Person.name.key == "name"
            assert Person.name.mandatory is False

    -   The default value of instance attributes is
        :data:`Unset <wsme.Unset>`.

        ::

            class Person(object):
                name = wsattr(unicode)

            p = Person()
            assert p.name is Unset

        This allows the protocol to make a clear distinction between null values
        that will be transmitted, and unset values that will not be transmitted.

        For input values, it allows the code to know if the values were, or were not,
        sent by the caller.

    -   When 2 complex types refer to each other, their names can be
        used as datatypes to avoid adding attributes afterwards:

        ::

            class A(object):
                b = wsattr('B')

            class B(object):
                a = wsattr(A)


Predefined Types
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. default-domain:: wsme

-   .. autotype:: wsme.types.File
        :members:

